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Broiler chicken eggs are one of the main and strategic foods for the people of Indonesia and contribute to regional and national inflation. Broiler egg production in Indonesia differs between regions. Areas with a surplus of eggs tend to have lower prices than areas with a deficit. This research is to measure the transmission of broiler egg prices between markets in surplus and deficit areas, using weekly price time series data for the period January 2018-December 2021. Areas of surplus broiler eggs, East Java Province (the highest broiler egg production in Indonesia) which become one of the main suppliers to the Province of East Nusa Tenggara as a deficit area. Using the Johannsen cointegration test it is found that there is no cointegration or there is no relationship between the surplus and deficit regions in the long term but not in the short term. Factors of marketing infrastructure, market information systems, and geographical conditions can be obstacles to the absence of cointegration. The VAR (Vector Auto-Regressive) Vector Error Correction model (VECM) test, found that price transmission occurred between surplus and deficit areas, meaning that between the two regions, there was market integration prior to Covid. The transmission has weakened, and due to the Covid situation, there have been restrictions on the movement of people and goods. The government and other market players need to study the response of the broiler egg market, in the short and long term so that market players can make the right policies.
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is among the most impactful poultry pathogens, whose control, based on biosecurity and routine vaccination, is hampered by the existence of countless genetic variants sharing poor cross-protection. A retrospective study was conducted on IBV positive samples collected in Italian broiler farms from 2012 to 2019. In 2015, the adopted vaccination protocol shifted from a Mass and 793B-based vaccines to the administration of Mass and QX vaccines, allowing to study how changes in vaccination strategies may affect IBV epidemiology, control and diagnosis in the field. The most frequently detected lineages were QX (70.3%), 793B (15.8%) and Mass (11.9%). The relative frequencies of QX and 793B detections remained stable throughout the study, while Mass detections significantly increased after the vaccination change. Rather than to an actual growth of Mass population size, this finding may be attributable to different vaccine interactions, with Mass strains being more frequently concealed by 793B vaccines than by QX ones. Based on the obtained results, the two vaccination protocols appear to be similarly effective in fighting IB outbreaks, which in the last decade have been caused primarily by QX field strains in Italy. These results indicate that vaccination strategies may significantly affect IBV epidemiology and diagnosis, and should therefore be considered when choosing and interpreting diagnostic assays and planning control measures.
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Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, mask-wearing has become a common practice in the foodservice industry to prevent the spread of respiratory diseases. Like kitchen utensils, a mask may serve as a vehicle for cross-contamination of pathogens during food handling. The objective of this study was to quantify cross-contamination between tasks of handling contaminated chicken and chopping lettuce. Chicken breasts were inoculated with a high or a low level of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli surrogates (ca. 6 or 4 log CFU/ml) and sliced for 1, 5, or 10 min. During slicing, duplicate, single-use medical masks were touched each minute. One mask was immediately sampled, but the second mask was used to contaminate lettuce by touching the mask each minute while chopping the lettuce for 5 min. E. coli were enumerated from the second mask and lettuce. Masks touched while slicing both high- and low-inoculated chicken showed significant contamination (0.8-4.9 log CFU/cm2) after each slicing scenario of 1, 5, or 10 min (P > 0.05). Lettuce was significantly contaminated regardless of inoculation level (1.0-3.2 log CFU/g). Slicing time was a significant factor in some cases (P < 0.05), whereas inoculation level was not (P > 0.05). Data indicate masks can be a source of cross-contamination if not replaced appropriately.
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Purpose: The development of vaccines that confer protection against multiple avian influenza A (AIA) virus strains is necessary to prevent the emergence of highly infectious strains that may result in more severe outbreaks. Thus, this study applied reverse vaccinology approach in strategically constructing messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine construct against avian influenza A (mVAIA) to induce cross-protection while targeting diverse AIA virulence factors. Materials and Methods: Immunoinformatics tools and databases were utilized to identify conserved experimentally validated AIA epitopes. CD8+ epitopes were docked with dominant chicken major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) to evaluate complex formation. Conserved epitopes were adjoined in the optimized mVAIA sequence for efficient expression in Gallus gallus. Signal sequence for targeted secretory expression was included. Physicochemical properties, antigenicity, toxicity, and potential cross-reactivity were assessed. The tertiary structure of its protein sequence was modeled and validated in silico to investigate the accessibility of adjoined B-cell epitope. Potential immune responses were also simulated in C-ImmSim. Results: Eighteen experimentally validated epitopes were found conserved (Shannon index <2.0) in the study. These include one B-cell (SLLTEVETPIRNEWGCR) and 17 CD8+ epitopes, adjoined in a single mRNA construct. The CD8+ epitopes docked favorably with MHC peptide-binding groove, which were further supported by the acceptable ΔGbind (-28.45 to -40.59 kJ/mol) and Kd (<1.00) values. The incorporated Sec/SPI (secretory/signal peptidase I) cleavage site was also recognized with a high probability (0.964814). Adjoined B-cell epitope was found within the disordered and accessible regions of the vaccine. Immune simulation results projected cytokine production, lymphocyte activation, and memory cell generation after the 1st dose of mVAIA. Conclusion: Results suggest that mVAIA possesses stability, safety, and immunogenicity. In vitro and in vivo confirmation in subsequent studies are anticipated.
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The aim of this study was to clone, express and identify the truncated S1 gene of nephrotropic infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) of chicken. Firstly, two genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into pMD18-T vector. The truncated S1 gene designated as Sf200 containing five antigenic sites of S1 glycoprotein on amino acid residues (aa) 24-61, (aa) 291-398 and (aa) 497-543 and GM-CSF were then amplified from the respective recombinant pMD18-T plasmids and cloned into pET-32a (+) vector resulting pET-Sf200, pET-GM which were identified by restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing analysis. The in vitro expression of truncated Sf200 and GM-CSF constructs were later expressed in E. coli BL21 with a molecular mass of approximately 38 kDa and 29 kDa respectively as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Polyclonal antibodies were developed by injecting E. coli expressed Sf200 and GM-CSF into the SPF mice and were used to identify the recombinant proteins by Western blot analysis. These findings indicated that the polyclonal antibodies produced in mice could be used to detect the recombinant truncated Sf200 and GM-CSF and vice versa.
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Objective: Epidemiology and genetic variations of the infectious bronchitis virus(IBV) in Fujian province were studied. Method: Two strains of virus isolated from the diseased chickens in Fujian in 2021 were identified by chicken embryo pathogenicity test, electron microscope observation, and RT-PCR. S1 genes of the isolates were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed using biological software. Result: The two IBV strains were code named FJ-NP01 and FJ-FZ01. The full length of S1 of FJ-NP01 was 1 629 nt encoding 543 amino acids, and that of FJ-FZ01, 1 620 nt encoding 540 amino acids. The S1 gene cleavage site of FJ-FZ01 was HRRRR, same as all reference strains of genotype I branch;while that of FJ-NP01 HRRKR differed from the reported site of IBV isolated from genotype IV but same as that of TC07-2 reference strain of genotype VI. The homology of nucleotide and amino acid between the two isolates was 83.2% and 79.6%, respectively, but merely 75.7%-76.3%and 77.1%-83.5% with the Mass-type conventional vaccines H120 and H52, respectively. Further analysis showed that FJ-NP01was from a recombination event between CK CH GD LZ12-4 and L-1148, the homology of nucleotide acid between 1438-1506 nt of FJ-NP01 with CK CH GD LZ12-4 was 97%, and 95.9% between the other nucleotide acid of S1 gene with L-1148. Conclusion: It appeared that the IBV epidemic experienced in the province was complex in nature and that the existing Mass vaccines would not provide sufficient immune protection to deter the spread.
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[Objective] To prepare broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody against N protein of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), so as to lay a foundation for identifying conservative domain epitope of N protein and establish a universal IBV detection method. [Method] N protein of GX-YL5, a representative strain of IBV dominant serotype in Guangxi, was expressed in prokaryote. BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified protein. After the serum titer of the immunized mice reached 104 or more, the splenocytes were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells. After screening by indirect ELISA, monoclonal antibody was prepared by ascites-induced method. Western blotting, IFA and indirect ELISA were used to identify the titer, subtype, reaction specificity and cross-reaction spectrum. And the prepared monoclonal antibody was used for immunohistochemical detection. And the prepared monoclonal antibody was used to detect the IBV in the trachea and kidney tissues of SPF chickens artificially infected with 4 representative IBV variants (GX-N130048, GX-N160421, GX-QZ171023 and GX-QZ170728). [Result] The prepared monoclonal antibody N2D5 had a titer greater than 217 and its subtype was IgG2b. The Western blotting and IFA results showed that the monoclonal antibody N2D5 only reacted with IBV, and were negative with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), avian leukosis virus (ALV) and Marek's disease virus (MDV). Monoclonal antibody N2D5 reacted with many genotypes in China and all 7 serotypes of IBV currently prevalent in Guangxi, including commonly used standard strains, vaccine strains and field strains. Immunohistochemistry showed that the virus signals could be detected in the trachea and kidney tissues of SPF chickens at different time after artificial infection of 3 representative IBV strains from chicken and 1 isolated strain from duck, which further proved its broad spectrum. [Conclusion] The monoclonal antibody N2D5 of IBV prepared based on hybridoma technology belongs to the IgG2b subtype. It has the characteristics of high specificity, wide response spectrum and strong binding ability with IBV. It can be used as a specific diagnostic antibody for clinical diagnosis of IBV and the study of virus distribution.
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In order to perform the isolation of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and study the pathogenicity of IBV isolate, the RT-PCR was used to detect nucleic acid extracted from a clinical sample of chickens, which were suspected to be infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and provided by a farmer in Yuncheng, Shanxi province. And the sample was detected as IBV positive by RT-PCR. Then 9-11-day-old SPF chicken embryonated eggs were inoculated with the sample filtered from the grinding fluid, and the obtained allantoic fluid was blindly passed by three generations (F3) and was also tested as IBV positive;The F11 generation passaged in embryonated eggs caused typical "dwarf embryo" lesions to SPF chicken embryonated eggs, and induced the loss of cilia in tracheal rings. The results showed that an IBV strain was isolated and named as YC181031. The S1 gene amplification and sequencing analysis showed that YC181031 strain belonged to IBV GI-22 genotype, which is also nephropathogenic type IBV. Seven-day-old SPF chicks were used to test the pathogenicity of the isolate. The results showed that several clinical symptoms were showed in chicks infected with YC181031, such as breathing with difficulty, depression, excreting watery droppings and death. The mortality of infected chicks was 20%. Typical pathological changes such as enlargement of kidney and urate deposition in the kidney were observed in infected chicks. The immunohistochemical assay and viral load detection were performed for the tissue samples from infected and dead chicks. The tissue lesions and distribution of virus were observed in the kidney, trachea, lung, glandular stomach, spleen and liver samples of infected chicks. RT-PCR detection of pharyngeal anal swabs showed that the virus shedding by infected chicks could be continuously detected within 14 days of the test period;The viral loads of various tissues were detected by RT-qPCR and the results showed that the viral load from high to low was kidney, trachea, lung, stomach, spleen and liver. The viral load of kidney was significantly higher than that of other tissues (P < 0.05).In this study, the pathogenicity characteristics of GI-22 genotype strain were systematically studied for the first time, providing a reference for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Aim: This study analyses the characteristics of consumers who purchased chicken meat through online shopping channels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Respondents were asked how often they purchase chicken meat online, the types of chicken meat they purchased, and the main reason they purchase chicken meat online. Method: A total of 108 respondents completed the questionnaire through an online survey from August to September 2020. Non-parametric tests were applied to process the data. Results: The results show that in terms of purchasing chicken meat online, the majority of Indonesian consumers have shifted to online purchasing due to the outbreak of COVID-19. Young people, people with adequate income, the level of education, and gender have an impact on the frequency of purchasing chicken meat online. Conclusions: Most consumers shifted to purchasing chicken meat online during the COVID-19 pandemic, and in terms of sociodemographic factors, male consumers and young people are more concerned about the delivery procedure. The research provides evidence that Indonesian consumers shifted to the online purchasing of chicken meat during the COVID-19 pandemic, which means consumers adapted to the new situation.
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The purpose of this experiment was to increase poultry meat production by increasing the number of chickens reared in the same area and managing it by using medicinal herbs Salvia officinalis L and Lavandula angustifolia L. in the broiler chicken diet. 705 one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into to7 treatments with three replicates for an area of two m2 floor system in each replicate for each treatment, during 35 days of the study. T0 negative control 75 chicks, 25 chicks for each replicate 12-13 chicks per m2 fed standard diet. T1 positive control (stocking density without supplementation)105 chicks, 35 each replicate chicks 17-18 per m2 fed standard diet. The same stocking density for T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 have been given standard feed with supplemented herbals, salvia 0.7%, 0.9%, lavender0.7%, 0.9%, and mixed 0.7% respectively. Depending on the results, chickens reared in stress stocking density with supplementations led to higher improvement of body weight, meat production, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio(FCR g feed/g weight), production index PI, carcass weight (g) and dressing percentage, RBCs 106cells/mm3, lymphocyte%, of increasing activity of thyroid hormones T3, T4 (nmol/L) boost antibody titers of ND and IBV when compared with positive control. However, heterophil%, stress indicator H/L ratio, glucose mg/ dL and cholesterol mg/ dL significantly reduced. The results showed that adding sage and lavender plants to broiler feed is effective in improving productivity, immunity, and resistance characteristics in reducing the adverse effects of stress caused by increasing the intensity of broiler rearing in the same area.
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Current research on airborne transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), avian influenza (AIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) was reviewed to evaluate commonalities, knowledge gaps, and methodologies of studying airborne transmission of animal diseases. The reviewed studies were categorised as short-range transmission (within a single facility) and long-range transmission (beyond a single site). Short-range airborne transmission was demonstrated for at least one strain of the above-mentioned pathogens in experimental settings. Most studies reported in the literature concern FMDV, with limited information for ASFV and PEDV, particularly for short-range airborne transmission. Air sampling upwind, downwind, and within infected facilities has been commonly used to demonstrate long-range airborne transmission. The amount of evidence from air sampling for each of the reviewed viruses varies from no evidence on ASFV to evidence from multiple settings for AIV. Computer modelling has been used to study past outbreaks of infectious diseases to assess the contribution of airborne transmission with a multitude of computer models reported in the literature for simulating long-range airborne transmission of FMDV based on past outbreaks. This has resulted in predictive tools for assessing future risk of airborne transmission. Some important computer models are based on epidemiology analysis, weather analysis, and air dispersion. Few models are reported for ASFV, PEDV, and PRRSV. Studies in the literature indicate that airborne transmission is generally affected by virus strain, aerosol type, shedding duration and concentration, environmental conditions, and infectious dose.
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Protecting livestock against diseases by enhancing its immunity is essential and required in poultry industry. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible immunoenhancing effects of Inosine-Acedoben-Dimepranol (IAD) in broiler chicks. A total of 150 chicks were used in the present study, divided into 6 groups (25 for each) and subjected to different treatments. It has been found that IAD significantly (P 0.05) increased total leukocytic count, with increased granulocyte (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), lymphocyte and monocyte counts compared to control chicks. IAD significantly (P 0.05) increased total protein as a result of increased globulins in plasma when compared with those of control. IAD has been found to significantly (P 0.05) increase immune response of IB vaccine in IAD + IB vaccine-treated groups compared to control measured by ELISA. IAD exhibited antiviral effect indicated by increased survival percent of chicks challenged with virulent IB virus with survival 100% in the groups received IAD large dose plus vaccine. Data of the present study may indicate that supplying chicks with IAD in drinking water is a good recommendation in poultry industry based on its immune enhancing properties.
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The Indian poultry market is estimated to have an annual growth rate of 8.1% as of today. However, infectious diseases in poultry pose an important constraint in the growth and development of this sector in our region. Among infectious diseases, viral diseases of poultry pose a serious threat to the poultry industry from an economic point of view. Several viral disease outbreaks have been reported by various researchers from different parts of the country. Among the common viral diseases of poultry, incidences of Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza, Fowl Pox, Infectious Bursal Disease, Marek's disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Inclusion Body Hepatitis are significant in Assam as well as other parts of India. Thorough epidemiological studies followed by the identification of different serotypes, pathotypes, strains, etc. by genotyping and molecular characterization of viral disease pathogens may lead to ways to control and eradicate the diseases. Importance should be given to maintaining basic preventive measures like biosecurity, farm hygiene, and proper vaccination. In a developing country like India, disease outbreaks can impact the country's economy. In this study, a brief view of the common viral disease of poultry and its diagnosis and control strategies in Assam, India is depicted. However, this review well indicates a plethora of avian diseases that have occurred over the years causing a severe impact on poultry farming as a whole.
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Repeated cases of low pathogenic influenza A/H9N2 virus (IAV/H9N2) have been reported in commercial chickens since its emergence in 1998 in Pakistan. However, recently increased mortality and severe respiratory complications under field conditions have been noticed, suggesting concomitant influenza infections with respiratory viral and/or bacterial pathogens. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of IAV/H9N2 coinfecting with multiple viral and bacterial pathogens in broiler chicken flocks. We surveyed 60 broiler flocks with respiratory signs from March through July 2019 in Punjab, Pakistan. Suspected flocks were screened for the presence of IAV using a lateral-flow device. Tracheal, cloacal, and bone marrow samples were collected and further tested for seven viral agents (chicken anemia; Newcastle disease; infectious bronchitis; infectious laryngeotracheitis [ILT]; and IAV subtypes H9, H7, and H5) and three bacterial agents (Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synovae; Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale [ORT]) using PCR assays. Upon initial screening for IAV, 35/60 (58.3%) flocks tested positive. The coinfection of IAV/H9N2 with other pathogens was detected in 25 (71.4%) flocks and only IAV/H9N2 was detected in 10 (28.6%) flocks out of total positive IAV flocks (n = 35). IAV subtypes H5 and H7, ILT, and ORT were not detected throughout the study period. The detection rate of double, triple, and quadruple combinations of coinfections with IAV/H9N2 were 37% (13 flocks), 26% (9 flocks), 9% (3 flocks), respectively. Higher average mortality (28.5%) was found in broiler chicken flocks coinfected with viral and/or bacterial pathogens than in flocks where only H9 low pathogenic IAV/H9N2 was detected (20.8%). In conclusion, higher circulation of IAV/H9N2 with other viral and bacterial pathogens may contribute to higher production and economic losses at the farm level.
Nota de investigación- Tasa de coinfecciones virales y bacterianas múltiples en parvadas de pollos de engorde infectadas con virus influenza A/H9N2. Se han reportado varios casos del virus de influenza A de baja patogenicidad H9N2 (IAV/H9N2) en pollos comerciales desde su aparición en 1998 en Pakistán. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha observado un aumento de la mortalidad y complicaciones respiratorias graves en condiciones de campo, lo que sugiere infecciones concomitantes de influenza con patógenos respiratorios virales y/o bacterianos. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la presencia del virus de influenza aviar H9N2 coinfectando con múltiples patógenos virales y bacterianos en parvadas de pollos de engorde. Se evaluaron 60 parvadas de pollos de engorde con signos respiratorios desde marzo hasta julio del año 2019 en Punjab, Pakistán. Las parvadas sospechosas fueron analizadas para detectar la presencia del virus de influenza aviar utilizando un dispositivo de flujo lateral. Se recolectaron muestras traqueales, cloacales y de médula ósea y se analizaron para detectar siete agentes virales (anemia infecciosa aviar, enfermedad de Newcastle, bronquitis infecciosa, laringeotraqueítis infecciosa [ILT] y subtipos H9, H7 y H5 de influenza aviar) y tres agentes bacterianos (Mycoplasma gallisepticum ; Mycoplasma sinovae; Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale [ORT]) utilizando ensayos de PCR. Tras la detección inicial del virus de la influenza aviar, 35/60 (58.3 %) parvadas resultaron positivas. La coinfección del virus de la influenza H9N2 con otros patógenos se detectó en 25 (71.4 %) parvadas y el virus de influenza aviar H9N2 fue detectado solo en 10 (28.6 %) parvadas del total de parvadas positivas (n = 35). Los subtipos H5 y H7 del virus de influenza, ILT y ORT no se detectaron durante el período de estudio. La tasa de detección de combinaciones dobles, triples y cuádruples de coinfecciones con el virus de influenza H9N2 fue del 37 % (13 parvadas), del 26% (9 parvadas), del 9 % (3 parvadas), respectivamente. Se encontró una mortalidad promedio más alta (28.5 %) en lotes de pollos de engorde coinfectados con patógenos virales y/o bacterianos que en lotes donde solo se detectó al virus de influenza H9 de baja patogenicidad (20.8%). En conclusión, una mayor circulación del virus de influenza aviar H9N2 con otros patógenos virales y bacterianos puede contribuir a mayores pérdidas en la producción y económicas a nivel de granja.
Subject(s)
Coinfection , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Influenza, Human , Poultry Diseases , Animals , Chickens , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/veterinary , Humans , Poultry Diseases/microbiologyABSTRACT
Infectious bronchitis is an acute extremely infectious respiratory illness caused by the avian gamma-corona virus. Infection with infectious bronchitis virus predisposes the bird to subsequent bacterial infection, worsening the situation. Infection causes severe morbidity and variable mortality in broilers, as well as a significant decrease in layer production of eggs. Samples were collected from clinical cases submitted for necropsy at local veterinary clinics.This study was conducted to detect the molecular similarity in S1 gene sequence between field viruses and commonly used vaccines. In order to compare the sequences of field viruses with vaccinal viruses, two vaccines are chosen based on their popularity in veterinary clinics. These are MA5 strain and H120 strain. Molecular identification was done by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which was employed using primers target the S1 gene. Four positive field cases and two vaccine samples were sent to sequencing. The results of sequence alignment showed that vaccine viruses differ by more than 30% when compared to sequences of all the field viruses. The difference between genetic sequence leads to vaccine failure due to difference in the antigenic molecules on the spike protein of IBV © 2022, Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia del Ejercicio y el Deporte.All Rights Reserved.
ABSTRACT
Infectious bronchitis is an acute extremely infectious respiratory illness caused by the avian gamma-corona virus. Infection with infectious bronchitis virus predisposes the bird to subsequent bacterial infection, worsening the situation. Infection causes severe morbidity and variable mortality in broilers, as well as a significant decrease in layer production of eggs. Samples were collected from clinical cases submitted for necropsy at local veterinary clinics.This study was conducted to detect the molecular similarity in S1 gene sequence between field viruses and commonly used vaccines. In order to compare the sequences of field viruses with vaccinal viruses, two vaccines are chosen based on their popularity in veterinary clinics. These are MA5 strain and H120 strain. Molecular identification was done by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which was employed using primers target the S1 gene. Four positive field cases and two vaccine samples were sent to sequencing. The results of sequence alignment showed that vaccine viruses differ by more than 30% when compared to sequences of all the field viruses. The difference between genetic sequence leads to vaccine failure due to difference in the antigenic molecules on the spike protein of IBV © 2022, Revista Iberoamericana de Psicologia del Ejercicio y el Deporte.All Rights Reserved.
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The pattern of food consumption determines the level of household welfare, but for households with low income, the share of food expenditure is dominated by carbohydrate food. Protein foods are the second food consumed after carbohydrate staple foods. This study analyzes food consumption patterns away from home as a source of protein for households in Indonesia. The research data uses secondary data in the form of Susenas data in 2020 which covers of thirty-four provinces and the samples cover 334,127 households in total. The research data is in the form of total household expenditure data, data on the number of household members, consumption and expenditure data of FAFH as a source of household protein in Indonesia covering eight types of food, namely 1) soup namely soto, gule, sop, rawon 2) satay, tongseng 3) meatball noodles, chicken noodles 4) cooked fish 5) cooked chicken or meat 6) processed meat 7) chicken porridge, and 8) dumplings, batagor. The consumption preference model approach uses the Probit Model. The results showed that all FAFH foods had a high significant effect on FAFH consumption patterns. However, the household size variable shows a negative relationship. The higher the household size, the lower the possibility of consuming FAFH. The findings of this study demonstrate that, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the intake of FAFH protein is increasing, albeit at a very slow rate. This also demonstrates that FAFH food is a source of protein for households in Indonesia.
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In this study, avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), avian metapneumovirus (AMPV), and avian reovirus (ARV) were evaluated in broiler and layer flocks. For this purpose, tracheal swabs from 48 broiler and 45 layer flocks with respiratory signs were inoculated SPF embryonated chicken eggs for virus isolation. The viruses were identified by real-time PCR. Results showed that the most common virus in both broiler and layer farms was IBV with incidence rates of 58.33% and 46.67%, respectively. ILTV, AMPV, and ARV incidences in the samples were found to be 22.22%, 13.33%, and 4.44% in layer flocks while 2.08%, 8.33%, and 20.83% in broilers, respectively. The numbers of IBV+AMPV and IBV+ARV coinfections were 5 (11.11%) and 1 (2.22%) in layers, whereas, 1 (2.08%) and 5 (10.42%) broilers, respectively. In addition, 2 broiler flocks (4.17%) had triple infection with IBV, AMPV, and ARV. ILTV was detected always alone from the samples of layer and broiler flocks. Sequencing of S1 gene of selected IBV TR/L45 and TR/B42 isolates showed similarities with IS/1494/06 (HM131453) at the rates of 98.98% and 99.69%, respectively, while TR/L37, TR/L38, and TR/L39 isolates were identical to 4/91 (KF377577) vaccine strain at the rates of 99.01%, 99.01%, and 98.76%, respectively. Sequencing analysis of the ICP4 and TK genes of ILTV isolates revealed that they were all field strains with low virulence. The present data represent actual information on the genotypes of IBV and ILTV circulating in poultry flocks in Turkiye.
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Since the last century, animal viruses have posed great threats to the health of humans and the farming industry. Therefore, virus control is of great urgency, and regular, timely, and accurate detection is essential to it. Here, we designed a rapid on-site visual data-sharing detection method for the Newcastle disease virus with smartphone recognition-based immune microparticles. The detection method we developed includes three major modules: preparation of virus detection vectors, sample detection, and smartphone image analysis with data upload. First, the hydrogel microparticles containing active carboxyl were manufactured, which coated nucleocapsid protein of NDV. Then, HRP enzyme-labeled anti-NP nanobody was used to compete with the NDV antibody in the serum for color reaction. Then the rough detection results were visible to the human eyes according to the different shades of color of the hydrogel microparticles. Next, the smartphone application was used to analyze the image to determine the accurate detection results according to the gray value of the hydrogel microparticles. Meanwhile, the result was automatically uploaded to the homemade cloud system. The total detection time was less than 50 min, even without trained personnel, which is shorter than conventional detection methods. According to experimental results, this detection method has high sensitivity and accuracy. And especially, it uploads the detection information via a cloud platform to realize data sharing, which plays an early warning function. We anticipate that this rapid on-site visual data-sharing detection method can promote the development of virus selfchecking at home.
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The popularity of backyard chickens has been growing steadily over the past 10 years, with Covid-19 stay at home orders in 2020 yielding an added boost in popularity. Concurrently, cases of salmonellosis from live poultry exposure have also risen. Previous research on backyard chicken owners has focused primarily on urban chicken owners, which may have differing knowledge and biosecurity habits from rural backyard chicken owners. The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of S. enterica in rural and urban flocks of chickens in the state of Vermont and to determine what attitudes toward and knowledge about S. enterica owners had, as well as what biosecurity practices they used. We conducted two surveys in Vermont between 2019-2022; a pilot study tied to sampling for Salmonella enterica in backyard chicken flocks from 2019-2021 and a statewide study in 2022 to determine the prevalence of backyard chickens in Vermont and obtain representative survey data from backyard chicken owners. We found (i) overall, 19% (8/42) backyard chicken flocks from 2019-2021 had S. enterica, but S. enterica rates varied substantially by year; (ii) backyard chicken owners were wealthier and more educated than the average Vermonter and generally lived in rural areas; (iii) participants in the statewide survey had much lower uptake of good biosecurity habits compared to the pilot survey; (iv) despite increased messaging about backyard chicken-associated salmonellosis and good biosecurity measures over the past several years, uptake of biosecurity measures is inconsistent, and rates of unsafe practices such as kissing or cuddling chickens have increased in Vermont. Overall, the data indicate the need for improved messaging on biosecurity and risks associated with backyard chickens.